theShades Discussion

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There is no black race. There is no white race.

BEFORE YOU ENTER Shades; LOOK AT THE BACK OF YOUR HAND WHAT COLOR IS IT SPEAK IT OUT LOUD........... ENTER

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" Whatever Adam called every living creature that was the name thereof"
" Adam gave names to all". Gen.2:19

Allow me to introduce myself.

I am a member of the Human race (Homo Sapiens). The color of my skin is dark/light brown. I was born in America.These are characteristics of my identity. There is no ambiguity. IAM A HOMO SAPIENT WITH BROWN SKIN WHO WAS BORN IN AMERICA My name is Human.

" I'm for truth no matter who tells it. I'm for justice, no matter who it is for, or against.

I'm a Human Being,first,and foremost.And as such, I'm for whoever, and whatever benefits Humanity as a whole"

... (~ Malcolm X) .

The purpose of this site, is to provide a forum, for people to share in positive discourse. Such that promotes a better understanding of our global connectivity. And other topics of interest.

Welcome to SHaDES.

a=a: Law of identity: a, is equal to a, no more. no less. A thing is equal to itself. no more. no less.

Aristotle

Africa, is a place, not a race

Africa was not the name of our place of origin:

Alkebu-Lan- : The Mother of Mankind, The Garden Of Eden ; Alkebulan is the oldest and the only word of indigenous origin. It was used by the Moors, Nubians, Khart- Haddan's Carthaginians, and Ethiopians.

The Kemetic or Alkebulan history of Afrika suggests that the name of the continent was Alkebulan

The word Africa came into existence in the late 17th Century Kemetic History Of Afrika, Dr. Cheikh Anah Diop

The current misnomer adopted by almost everyone today was given to this continent by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Dr. Cheik Anah Diop

Africa:

The worlds second - largest and second- most populous continent, after Asia. It covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area.

Race: as associated with Biology: In biology, a race is a genetically distinct populations within the same species; They typically have relatively minor morphological and genetic differences. THOUGH, All Humans, belong to the same species ( Homo Sapiens) and the same sub species ( Homo Sapiens Sapiens), there are small genetic variations across the globe that engender diverse physical appearances,

such as, variations in skin color. Wikipedia

If you go by skin color alone. Scientific evidence suggests that early homo sapiens likely had dark skin, as a means of protecting there bodies from the intense sunlight. In fact, it is believed that all Homo sapiens are descended from common ancestors who originated in Alkebulan/Africa.

History of the concept of Race:

The dominate scholarly position is a modern phenomenon, at least in Europe and Americas.

However , there is less agreement regarding whether racisms, even absent a developed race concept,

may have existed in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds.

VISIT BROWN GIRLS ROCK

Classicist, Frank Snowden ( 1970;1983). emphasized the lack of anti - black prejudice in the ancient world, led many scholars of race to conclude that racism did not exist in the epoch.

However, later classiicists have responded that Snowden's work unnecessarily reduced all forms of racisim to it's

peculiarly American version based on skin color and other markers of non - white identity.

Moorish conquest of Andalusia 8th,century CE.; the Iberian peninsula became the site of the greatest intermingling between

Jewish, Christian and Muslim believers,

during and after their reconquest of the Muslim principalities in the peninsula

The Catholic Monarchs Isabel and Ferdinand sought to establish a uniformly Christian state by expelling the first Jews (1492).

And then the Muslims (1502). But because large numbers of both converted to Christianity to avoid expulsion (and before this to avoid persecution), the monarchs distrusted the authenticity of these Jewish and Muslim converts.

So, to ensure that only truly faithful Christians remained within the realm,

the grand Inquisitor, reformulated the Inquisition to inquire not just into the defendant's religious faith and practices.

but into their linage.

Only those who could demonstrate their ancestry to those Christians, who resisted the Moorish invasion were secure in their status.

in the realm.

The Iberian peninsula may also have witnessed the first stirrings of anti- brown ( African), anti-Native American racism,

Purity of Blood:

Thus was born the idea of purity of blood. Not fully the biological concept of race but perhaps the first occidental use of blood heritage

as a category of religio - political membership.(Bernasconi and Lott 2000, vii; Hannaford 1996, 122-126; Frederickson 2002,-35).

Since this region was the first in Europe to utilize afrrican slavery while gradually rejecting the enslavement of fellow European Christians.

Iberian Christians may have come to associate Africans(Brown skinned people), as physically and mentally suitable

only for menial labor.

In this they were influenced by Arab slave merchants,

who assigned the worst tasks to the dark skinned slaves while assigning more complex labor to light or tawny-skinned slaves.

( Frederickson 2002,29).

The "discovery" of the New World by Iberian explorers also brought European Christians into contact with indigenous Americans

for the first time.

This resulted in the heated debate in Valladoid in 1550 between Bartolome Las Casas and Gino de Sepulveda

over whether the Indians were by nature inferior ad thus worthy of enslavement and conquest.

Whether due to Las Casa's victory over Sepulveda, or due to the hierarchical character of Spanish Catholicism

which did not require the dehumanization of other races in order to justify slavery,the Spanish empire did avoid the racilization

of its conquered peoples and African slaves. indeed it was the conflict between the Enlightment of Africans and indigenous Americans

that fostered the development of the idea of race (Blum 2002, 111-112; Hannaford 1996, 149-150)

While events in the Iberian peninsula may have provided the initial stirrings of modern racial sentiments,

the concept of race , with its close links to ideas of deterministic biology, emerged with the rise of modern natural philosophy

and its concern with taxonomy ( Smith 2015). The first important articulation of the race concept came with the 1684 publication of " A New Division of the Earth" by Francois Bernier (1625-1688) ( Bernasconi and Lott 2000, viii; Hannaford 1996, 191,203).

Based on his travels through Egypt, India , and Persia, this essay presented a division of humanity

into " four or five species, or "races" of men, in particular whose difference is so remarkable that it may be properly made use of

as the foundation for a new division of the earth"( Bernasconi and Lott 2000, 1-2).

First were the peoples inhabiting most of Europe and North Africa, extending eastward through Persia, northern and central India,

and right up to parts of contemporary Indonesia.

Despite their differing skin tones, these peoples nevertheless shared common physical characteristics,

such as hair texture and bone structure.

The second race

was constituted by the people of the Sahara desert, who notably possessed smooth brown skin, thick lips, thin beards and wooly hair.

The peoples inhabiting lands from east Asia, through China, today's central Asian sates such as Uzbekistan, and westward into Siberia

and eastern Russia represented the third race.

The Third Race

Marked by their "white" skin , broad shoulders,flat faces, flat noses, thin beards,long thin eyes,

while the short and squat Lapps of northern Scandinavia constituted thee fourth "race".

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Ethnicity: Is the term for the culture of people in a given geographic region. including their language ,heritage, religion and customs. To be a member of an ethnic group is to conform to some or all of those practices.

The Psychology of Name Calling:

VISIT BROWN GIRLS ROCK

Race and Ethnicity: are distinct.Not interchangeable. For example,

a Japanese- American would probably consider herself a member of the Japanese or East Asian culture.

But, if she doesn't engage in any of the practices or customs of their ancestor, she might not identify with

the ethnicity, but might instead consider herself to be American.

It is widely accepted that Man's oldest common forefather was dark skinned, and that people became more pale as they moved further north out of Africa into colder climates with less sunlight

" comparisons between known skin pigmentation genes in chimpanzees and modern Africans show that dark skin

evolved along with the loss of body hair about 1.2 million years ago and is the ancestral state of all humans."

This is several million years after the time estimated for the * last common human-chimpanzee ancestor.

but at least 1 million years before the emergence of Homo Sapiens.

This suggests that the earliest species in Homo, may have had lighter skin,

but that the advantageous genes for dark skin were universal by the time of the first true humans.... wikipedia

The first modern humans evolved about 200,000 years ago in Africa.

When they lost their hair ( or at least most of it), they needed some other protection of their skin from the sun-otherwise

they are prone to develop melanoma.* melanin is such a protection, and the rate of melanoma is much lower in dark skinned people.

There is also a nice correlation between latitude and skin color- the more to the north (and to some degree to the south as well) you get, the lighter the skin color of the population gets.

reason for this is likely the better ability to synthesize Vitamin D( for which you need sunlight on the skin):

The lightening of the skin occurred after humans moved to Europe:

Melanin, is a broad term for a group of natural pigments found in most organisms.

Melanin, is produced by the oxidation of the amino acid tyro-sine. followed by polymerization.

The pigment is produced in a specialized group of cells known as Melanocytes.

There are three types of melanin: eumelanin, pheomelanin, neuromelanin.

The most common is eumelanin, of which there are two types - brown eumelanin, and black eumelanin.

Peomelanin, is a cysteine - containing red polymer of benzothiazine units largely responsible for red hair among other pigmentation.

Neuro melanin, is found in the brain . though it's function is unknown.

In humans, melanin is the primary determinant of skin color.

The melanin in the skin is produced by melanocytes, which are found in the basal layer of the epidermis.

Although,, in general, human beings possess a similar concentration of melanocytes in their skin

The melanocytes in some individuals and ethnic groups produce variable amounts of melanin.

Some humans have very little or no melanin synthesis in their bodies,

a condition known as albinism.

Both pheomelanin and eumelanin are found in human skin and hair.

but eumelanin is the most abundant melanin in humans,

as well as the form most likely to be deficient in albinism.

Melanogenesis: ( in the skin) occurs after exposure to UV radiation, causing the skin to visibly tan.

Melanin is an effective absorber of light.

the pigment is able to dissipate over 99.9% of absorbed U V radiation.Because of this property,

melanin is thought to protect skin cells from UVB radiation damage, reducing the risk of cancer.

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Furthermore, though exposure to UV radiation is associated with increased risk of malignant melanoma,

a cancer of the melanocytes, studies have shown a lower incidence for skin cancer in individuals with more concentrated

melanin, i.e. darker skin tone.

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Although humans are sometimes divided into "races", the morphological variation between races is not indicative of major differences in DNA. For example, recent genetic studies show skin color may drastically change in as few as 100 generations, spanning 2,500 years as a result of environmental influence. Furthermore, the DNA of two humans chosen at random generally varies by less than 0.1 percent. This is less genetic variation than other types of hominids (such as Chimpanzees and Orangutans), Leading some Scientists to describe all humans as belong to the same race- the Human Race.

Skin Color: is one of the most conspicuous ways in which humans vary and has been widely used to define human "races."

(there is only one race).

new evidence indicates that variations in skin color are adaptive, and are related to the regulation of ultraviolet (UV)

radiation penetration in the integument and its direct and indirect effects on fitness. Using remotely sensed data on UV

radiation levels. hypotheses concerning the distribution of the sun reflectance and UV levels was observed at 545 nm.

near the absorption maximum for oxyhemoglobin, suggesting that the main role of melanin pigmentation in humans is regulation on the contents of UV radiation on the cutaneous blood vessels located in the dermis.

(2) predicted skin reflectance deviated little from observed values.

(3) In all populations for which skin reflectance data were available for male and females,

females were found to be lighter skinned than males.

(4) The clinal gradation of skin coloration observed among indigenous peoples is correlated with UV related levels

and represents a compromise solution to the conflicting physiological requirements of photoprotection and vitamin D.

The earliest members of the Hominid lineage probably had a mostly unpigmented or lightly pigmented integument

covered with dark black hair, similar to that of the modern chimpanzee.

The evolution of a naked , darkly pigmented integument occurred early in the evolution of the genus Homo.

A dark epidermis protected sweat glands from UV- induced injury , thus insuring the integrity of somatic thermoregulation.

Of greater significance to individual reproductive success was that highly melanized skin protected against

UV-induced photolysis of folate

*( Brandon & Eaton 1978, Science201, 625-626; Jablonski, 199, Proc. Australas. Soc. Hum. Biol.5, 455-462. 1999, Med. Hypotheses52, 581-582, a metabolite essential for normal development of the embryonic neural tube (Bower& Stanley,1989, The Medical Journal of Australia 150,613-19; Medical Research Council Vitamin Research Group, 1991, The Lancet 338, 31-37,) and spermatogenesis (Cosentino et al.,1990, Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci.U. S. A. 87,1431-1435;

Mathur et al.,1977, Fertility Sterility 28, 1356-1360).

As hominids migrated outside of the tropics, varying degrees of depigmentation evolved in order to permit UVB- induced synthesis of previtamin D(3).

The lighter color of the female skin may be required to permit synthesis of the relatively higher amounts of vitamin D(3)

necessary during pregnancy and lactation.

Skin coloration in humans is adaptive and labile.

Skin pigmentation : levels have changed more than once in human evolution.

Because of this skin coloration is of no value in determining phylogenetic relationships among modern human groups

1501:

African slaves in the New World Spanish settlers bring slaves from Africa to Santo Domingo (now the capital of the Dominican Republic. They were part of a group of slaves of other ethnicities.

1522:

Slave revolt: the Caribbean Slaves rebel on the Caribbean Island of Hispaniola, which now comprises Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

1562:

Britain joins Slave trade, John Hawkins, the first Briton to take part in the slave trade.makes a huge profit hauling human cargo from Africa to Hispaniola.

1581:

Slaves in Florida Spanish residents in St. Augustine, the first permanent settlement in Florida, import African slaves.

Roanoke Island:

In 1584, 1585, 1587:Sir Walter Raleigh funded expeditions to Roanoke island ( located on what is now called the Outer Banks).

On March 25, 1584, Queen Elizabeth I issued a charter allowing Raleigh to discover ,search, find out and view such remote heathen and barbarous lands, Countries, and territories... to have, hold, occupy, and enjoy.

July 13,1584:

two ships left England and landed on the coast of North Carolina .

This landing marked the first time the English flag waved in the New

Raleigh, reported the discovery to Queen Elizabeth I, and the new territory was named Virginia, in honor of the Virgin Queen.

Raleigh sent a second expedition to Roanoke Island and appointed Ralph Lane as Governor.

The Lane3 colony was intended to be a military post for men only.

Because Lane's colony lacked sufficient supplies, this second settlement was also abandoned.

1587 collaspe of Roanoke Colony:

1588, The English defeat the Spanish Armada in A.d.

England begins building new colonies in North America.

England wanted to gain access to more gold and use mercantilism to increase its wealth from the colonies

England also wanted to spread Protestant Christianity.

Many people left England to gain their fortunes and escape religious persecution.

March 24, 1603:

After the death of Queen Elizabeth 1, James vi, of Scotland becomes James 1 upon ascending the English throne.

London Company:Also called the Virginia Company of London

In Renaissance England, wealthy merchants were eager to find investment opportunities, so they established a number of

companies to tade in various parts of the world.

Each company was made up of investors, known as " adventurer's", who purchased shares of company stock.

The Crown granted a charter to each company with a monopoly to explore, settle, or trade with a particular region of the world.

Profits were shared among the investors according to the amount of stock that each owned . More than 6,300 Englishmen

invested in joint stock companies between 1585 and 1630,trading in Africa , the East Indies, the Mediterranean, and

North America.

The company was an English joint stock company established by royal charter by James1, on April 10,1606 , with

the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America. It was not founded as a joint stock company

but became one under its 1609 charter.It was responsible for establishing Jamestown Settlement, the first permanent English settlement in the present United States,in 1607,and in the process of sending additional supplies. inadvertently

settled the Somers Isles( present day Bermuda), the oldest- remaining English colony,in 1609.

In 1624, the company lost its charter , and Virginia became a royal colony, the Latin phrase on the left oval

" SIGILVM REGIS MAGNAE BRITANIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIA " means " sign of the great king of Britain

The goal of the Virginia Company was clear enough;establish a permanent colony in America that would make profit for the Company.

The Company , chartered by King James I in April , 1606, was comprised of two divisions.

The Plymouth Company would establish a colony at the mouth of the Kennebec River near what is now

Maine.

Though alike in the fact that, the patentees who founded them were tenants of the crown,

they were quite unalike in their internal organization and to a considerable extent also in the character of the people who

inhabited them.

The London Company made land fall on April 26, 1607, at the southern edge of the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay,

which they named Cape Henry, near present -day Virginia Beach. Deciding to move the encampment, on may4, 1607,

they established the Jamestown Settlement

upstream from its Chesapeake Bay, on the James River about 40 miles (64km).

The London Company would establish Jamestown in Virginia ,

England's first permanent settlement in the New World.

The territory granted to the London Company included the eastern coast of America from the 34th parallel (Cape Fear)

north to the 41st parallel (in Long Island Sound). As part of the Virginia Company and Colony, the London Company owned

a large portion of Atlantic and inland Canada,

The company was permitted by its charter to establish a 100-square-mlie(260km2) settlement within this area.

There were two ways to become a member of the London Company.

If you had money to buy shares in the Company but were inclined to remain safe in England you could invest as a "adventurer."

If you really were a adventurous and wanted to travel to the colony,you could become a member of the Company by becoming a "planter."

Planters were required to work for the Company for a set number of years.In exchange for this work the Company provided housing, clothing and food. at the end of the contract, the Planter would be granted a piece of land

and be entitled to a share of the profits made by the company.

The Company also recruited indentured servants, who would work for a set number of years , typically seven,

in exchange for passage to the colony. The lives of these colonists were difficult and unpleasant

Later in 1607, the Plymouth Company established its Popham Colony in present- day Maine,

but it was abandoned after about a year. By 1609, the Plymouth Company had dissolved.As a result, the charter for the London Company was adjusted with a new grant that extended from "sea to sea" of the previously - shared area

between the 39th and 40th parallel. It was amended in 1612 to include the new territory of the Isles (or Bermuda).

Investors in the Virginia Company hoped to profit from the natural resources of the new world.

The portion of the company's territory north of the 38th parallel was shared with the Plymouth Company,

with the stipulation that neither company found a colony within 100 miles of each other.

The Plymouth Company of London:

The second company, was empowered to settle 45 degrees North, encompassing what are present at Pennsylvania,

New Jersey, New York, and New England. The company paid for all costs of each colony and in return controlled all land and resources there, requiring all settlers to work for the Company.

The business of the company was the settlement of the Virginia colony, supported by a labor force of voluntary

transportees under the customary indenture system.

In exchange for 7 years of labor for the company, the company provided passage, food,protection and land ownership (if the worker survived).

VIEW BROWN GIRLS ROCK

March 24, 1603:

After the death of Queen Elizabeth 1, James vi, of Scotland becomes James 1 upon ascending the English throne.

April 1606:

Bartholomew Gosnold obtained of James1, a charter to the Virginia Company of London for a tract of land on the mid-Atlantic coast.what are now Maryland, Virginia and Carolina, between Latitude 34 degree, and latitude 41degrees, North.

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The early 1600s,

In the early 1600s, colonial officials found it difficult to find laborers to help them develop land in the " New World."

A new concept called indentured laborers developed in which British residents would sign contrats where they would work in the New World as payment for their passage and a small farm. Most of these indentured laborers were young people who planned on staying permanently. In some cases British criminals were forced to become indentured servants

rather than serving time in prison.

They were not slaves,but were required to work 4-7 years to pay off their debt from passage and their farm.

Charter of 1606:

First Charter of Virginia, also known as the Charter of 1606

is a document from King James I of England to the Virginia Company, assigning land rights to colonists for the stated purpose of propagating the Christian religion.

The land is described as coastal Virginia and islands near to the coast, but the surveying numbers correspond to modern day Florida to Maine.

The patch of land itself would remain the property of the King, with the London Company and the Plymouth Company ( the two divisions of the Virginia Company) as the King's tenants, and the settlers as subtenants.

The colony's council consisted of a council residing in London.

The document designated the London Company as responsible for financing the project, which included recruiting settlers and also provided for their transport and supplies.

Purpose of Charter:

The charter only contains clauses to bring success to the king.

The King did not invest for he wanted no loss;however, he asked for 20 percent of profit as a way to never lose anything,

but become richer.

The charter also granted those born in the colonies all rights of British citizens elsewhere and that they are compensated and protected in case they were robbed or spoiled by anyone.

Management of the Charter:

The King established a council and council members both in America and England to provide governance and management of the colonies and identified all council members.

The Council had the authority to enjoy the natural resources of the profits given to the king. " that the said several Councils of and for the said several Councils of and for the said several councils,shall and lawfully may , by virtue hereof, from time to time without any interruption of Us, our Heirs or Successors,give and take order, to dig, mine, and search for all Manner of Mines of Gold,Silver, Copper, as well within any part of their said several colonies, as of the said main lands on the backside of the same Colonies; and to have and enjoy the gold, silver, and copper, to be gotten thereof; to the use and behoof of the same Colonies, and the plantations thereof; Yielding therefore to us, our heirs and successors,the fifth part only of all the same gold and silver, and the fifteenth part of all the same copper, so to be gotten or had, as is aforesaid, without any other manner of profit or account , to be given or yielded to us, our heirs, or successors, for in respect of the same " The charter also gave authority to council members, to perform regular governance activities as long as they conform to the King's approval.

The king intended to give the colonists all benefits of a government including the right to have their own currency.

Although the colonists had a great deal of freedom, they were subject to the kings' approval. "Moreover, our gracious will and pleasure is, and we do, by these presents, for us , our heirs, and successors, declare and set forth, that if any person or persons, which

shall be of any of the said colonies and plantations, or any of other, which shall trick to the said colonies at any time or times here after, transport any wares, merchandises, or commodities, out of any of the dominions, with a pretence to land , sell, or otherwise dispose of the same, within any the limits or precincts of any of the said colonies and plantations, and yet nevertheless, being at sea, or after he hath landed the same within any of the said colonies and plantations, shall carry the same into any other foreign country, with a purpose there to sell or dispose of the same, with out the licence of us, our heirs, and successors, in that behalf first had and

obtained;

VIEW BROWN GIRLS ROCK

December 20, 1606,:

Captain Christopher Newport leaves London with the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery

bound for Virginia.

April 26, 1607:

The three ships arrive in the Chesapeake Bay.

at the southern edge of the mouth of what they namedtheJames River

containing 105 men and boys as passengers and 39 crew members,

They were attacked by Native Americans , and the settlers moved north.

These settlers selected the site of Jamestown Island, further

April 29, 1607:

The English erect a cross at Cape Henry, claiming the land for James1 .

May 14, 1607:

104 male settlers land at the site they name James "Cittie" and establish the first permanent English settlement in North America.

They selected a site further upriver and on the northern shore, as the place to buld their fort.

May 1607:Newport Captain John Smith, and six others spend six days exploring the James River up to the falls.

Along the way they encounter numerous Indian peoples.

May 26 1607:

200 armed Indians attack Jamestown, killing 2 and wounding 11.

In addition to survival, the early colonists were expected to make a profit for the owners of the Virginia Company. Although the settlers were disappointed that gold did not wash up on the beach and gems did not grow in the trees,

they realized there was great potential for wealth of other kinds in their new home.

From the outset settlers thought that the abundance of timber would be the primary leg of the economy,

as Britain's forests had long been felled. The seemingly inexhaustible supply of cheap American timber was to be the primary enabler of Englands ( and then Britain's) rise to merchant and navel supremacy.

June 8,1607:

Indians continue to harass the settlers: Gabriel Archer writes " by break of day, 3 of them had adventurously stolenunder our bulwark and hidden themselves in the long grass.

June 15,1607:

James Fort is completed in a triangle shape with three bulwarks sporting artillery; settlers also plant crops in two areas

according to George Percy.

Within the three- sided fort erected on the banks of the James , the settlers quickly discovered that they were, first and foremost, employees of the Virginia Company of London,following instructions of the men appointed by the Company to rule them.

In exchange, the laborers were armed, and received clothes and food from the common store.

After seven years they were to receive land of their own.

The gentlemen, who provided their own armor and weapons, were to be paid in land, dividends or additional shares of stock.

Initially, the colonist were governed by a president and seven member council selected by the king.Leadership problems quickly erupted. Jamestowns first two leaders coped with varying degrees of success with sickness, assualts by Native Americans,

poor food and water supplies,and class strife.

Many colonists were ill prepared to carve out a new settlement on the frontier.

When Captain John Smith, became Virginias third president, he proved the strong leader that the colony needed.

With the ascension of King James to the throne of England on March 24, 1603,the effort to colonize was renewed,

this time in the form of joint stock companies, which did not involve the public (Kings) treasury thus from a royal perspective

a risk free endeavor.

Although a profit driven enterprise , the King was motivated by international rivalry and the propagation of religion.

And, the individuals who undertook the risk of venturing to the new world were motivated by a chance to improve their

economic and social standing.

Thus King James awarded a patent to a group of investors which included detailed instructions for verything from where to place watchmen and with how many, It instructed Christopher Newport, Captain of the Susan Constant, and Bartholomew Gosnold , Captain of the Godspeedand leader of the expedition of three ships,on their duties upon reaching the land they named Virginia.

There were no instructions for administrative or governance.

The Charter of 1606:

The First Virginia Charter established provisions for the governance of the colony.

It was to be governed by a colonial council, which proved ineffective. Lord Delaware, was dispatched in 1610 to provide firmer governance of the colony. The Council back in London whose directives and interests Lord Delaware represented was composed of

Knights, gentlemen, and merchants who had invested in the company.

This Charter also limited the jurisdiction of the Virginia Company of London to 100 miles from the seaboard

and from 38 degrees to 45 degrees latitude north.

June 22, 1607:

Newport sails for England with Susan Constant and Godspeed, laden with mineral samples that they hoped would

indicate the presence of gold.

August 22,1607:

Bartholomew Gosnold, one of the principal leaders in the colonization of Virginia dies. Half the settlers die during the summer and early fall.

September 10 1607:

President Edward-Maria Wingfield, forcibly replaced by John Ratcliff.

December 1607

Smith leads an expedition up the Chickahominy River in search of food and is captured by Opechancanough,brother of Chief Powhatan.

Smith is brought before Chief Powhatan at the Indian Capital, Werowocomoco.

He later claims that Pocahontas, the Chiefs daughter, saves his life.

The First Crusade(1095-1102)

By the end of 1608

The number of English in Virginia Falls to 38

January 1608:

Smith returns to James town and is tried and condemned for causing the death of the men on his expedition.

Christopher Newport returns on the John and Francis with the "first supply " of food and about 100 new settlers

and halts Smith's execution.

January 7, 1608:

Fire damages James Fort: " such a fire growing rapidly it consumed all the buildings of the fort and the storehouse of ammunition

and provision, so that there remained only three."The settlers soon began rebuilding the fort, including thee consruction

of a large church.

between. January & April 1608:

The Reverend Robert Hunt, Jamestown's first Anglican Minister , dies and is buried in the chancel of the newly constructed church.

April 10,1608:

Newport sails for England carrying possible evidence of gold,but it will prove to be false .

June 2 1608:

Captain Nelson returned to England with Captain Smith's written account Virginia.

VIEW BROWN GIRLS ROCK

June through September 1608:

Captain John Smith leads fourteen men on a seven week exploration of Chesapeake Bay, and the Indian settlements along it;s shores.

He makes second voyage in late July to early September further.

September 10.1608:

Smith elected president of the colony; he would soon issue the edict " he that will not work shall not eat".

October 1608:

Newport lands with the " second supply", 70 new immigrants arrive, including 6 " glass-men" of either German or Polish

origin as well as two women. Mrs. Thomas Forrest and her maid. Anne Burras.

November 1608:

In Jamestown's first wedding, Anne Burras marries carpenter John Laydon.

End of 1608:

Newport travels to England carrying with him " tryals of pitch, Tarre, Glasse, Frankincense, Sope Ashes...."

Late 1608 or early 1609:

Smith orders the digging of James Fort's first well.

The Second Charter, May 23, 1609:

James 1, issues the second charter to Virginia Company which replaces the Council with a Governor who has absolute control.

June-July 1609:

The" Third Supply" of nine ships and 500 immigrants leave England, but a hurricane scatters the fleet and wrecks the flag ship.Sea Venture with Sir Thomas Gates. Sir George Somers and John Rolf on a reef in Bermuda. all 150 on board are saved

and begin rebuilding two boats from the wreckage.

August 1609:

The ships that survived the hurricane arrive at Jamestown with about 300 men, women, and children and a few provisions to feed them.

October 1609:

After Captain George Percy replaces Captain John Smith as leader, Smith is badly wounded in a suspicious gunpowder explosion

and forced to return to England . The ship's departure is the signal for the Powhatan's to attack the English.all along the James River.

Winter 1609-1610:

Chief Powhatan has warriors lay siege to James fort,, trapping about 300 settlers inside. Settlers eat horses,snakes,rats,cats, dogs and shoe leather to avoid starvation that kills all but 60 of the forts residents by the springtime.

The drafting of the Constitution of the United States began on May 25,1787,

when the Constitutional Convention met for the first time with a quorum at the Pennsylvania State House ( now Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation,

and ended on September 17,1787.

1609 through 1610;

One of the settlers trapped in James fort is a fourteen year old girl who arrived on the " Third Supply . " When she dies, desperate settlers resort to survival cannibalism.

1609 -1610:

Captain Gabriel Archer ,one of Jamestown's most important early leaders, dies and is the second honored with burial in the church chancel.

May 23,1610:

Lieutenant Thomas Gates , John Rolf, Ralph Hamor , Sir George Somers, William Stracher , and other survivors of the Sea venture a

arrive at Jamestown, in two ships built in their 10 months on Bermuda, The Deliverance 3 and Patience. They find only 60 survivors and the fort in ruins.

May 24,1610:

Gates issues " the Laws Divine, Moral, and martial," introducing strict codes of behavior and severe punishment for transgressions.

June 7, 1610:

Gates decides to leave Jamestown. A lot of material is left behind as the survivors pack onto ships to return to England.

June 8,1610:

Gate's convoy coming down the James River meets the resupply led by Governor Thomas West,

who demands a return to Jamestown.

June 10,1610:

Lord De La Warr orders the settlers to clean up and reestablish James Fort.

The church is repaired and new buildings constructed.

August 9, 1610:

English launch major attack on the Paspahegh village., executing the queen and her children, burning house and cutting down corn fields.

1611:

John Rolf experiments with growing tobacco seeds. Nicotiana tabacum from Bermuda;

native Virginia tobacco was Nicotiana rustica.

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March 28 1611:

De La Warr, and Gates leave for England, leaving George Percy in charge as Deputy Governor with only about 150 settlers left due to continuing problems with disease.

May 1611:

Sir Thomas Dale arrives with 300 "men of war"

June1611:

The English capture three men from a Spanish expedition at the mouth of the James ; one of the them

is Don Diego de Molina. who will be held captive in Virginia for five years.

August 2, 1611:

Lt. Governor Dale Leads 350 men to build Henricus up river near the falls of the James as an alternative

to the swampy and dangerous Jamestown.

King James1 renews the charter for the Virginia Company and gives it more self -governance. He also authorizes lotteries

to raise money for the venture.

1612:

The English colonize Bermuda:

1612:

First commercial tobacco crop is raised in Jamestown, Virginia.John Rolf exports first crop of improved tobacco .

April 1613:

Pocahontas is captured from a Patawomeck Indian village by Capt. Samuel Argall and brought to Jamestown.

October, 29, 1613: Europeans referred to as "white" people

On October 29, 1613, The Jacobean Playwright Thomas Middleton's play " The Triumphs of Truth" was first performed.

The phrase was first uttered by the character of an African King who looks out upon an English audience and declares: "I see amazement set upon the faces / of these white people,wond 'rings and strange gazes.

This may be the earliest printed example of a European author referring to fellow Europeans as white people".

( This may serve to prove the historian Neil Irvin Painter's reminder in The History of White People (2010), "race is an idea, not a fact".

Literature scholar, Roxanne Wheeler reminds us in " The Complexion of Race" (2000),

there was an earlier moment in which biological racism...was not inevitable'.

Since Europeans didn't always think of themselves as "white", there is good reason to think that race is socially constructed,

is arbitrary. If the idea of " white people" ( and thus every other 'race ') has a history, then the concept itself is based less on any kind of biological reality than it is in the variable contingencies of social construction.

our particular criteria concerning how we think about race did develop, and it did so in service to colonialism ( and their handmaiden : slavery), bolstered by a positive language, the idea of race became so normalized that eventually the claim that anyone would have coined such an obvious phrase as "white people" would begin to sound strange.

Race might not be real, but racism very much is.

Matoaka, ( Pocahontas Apil 5, 1614:

A year later, the English commoner John Rolfe of Jamestown in Virginia took as his bride an Algonquin princess named Matoaka, whom we call Pocahontas.marry at Jamestown.

February 1614:

Gates departs Virginia , leaving Dale as Deputy Governor,

1615:

Pocahontas gives birth to a son Thomas Rolfe.

1616:

John Rolfe records the English Population in Virginia.

, indicating there are 351 settlers at 6 settlements..

May 1616:

John Rolfe, Pocahontas, their son and a group of attendant Indians depart Virginia for England with Sir Thomas Drake.

June1616:

The Virginia Company institutes the "head right" system, giving 50acres to anyone who would pay fare, and 50

additional acres for each person brought with him, this encourages further settlement by gentlemen and

lays the economic foundation for what will become a system of legal slavery.

John Rolfe, Pocahontas's, husband , had introduced tobacco from the Caribbean in 1610.

he returned to Virginia and became a member of the house of Burgess.

1617:

Governor Samuel Argall orders the construction of a new church "50 foot long and twenty foot broad"

just east of the first church building at Jamestown (where Pocahontas and Rolfe were married).

This new building will be a wooden church built on a foundation of cobblestones one foot wide

capped by a wall one brick thick

March 17, 1617:
Pocahontas dies in Gravesend, England, just after beginning the return trip to Virginia with her husband and son.
Rolfe returns to Virginia, but leaves his son to be raised in England.

1618:

Chief Powhatan dies

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1619 :

George Yeardley brings "The Charter of Grants and Liberties" to form a new government in which

white men of property get to pick representatives to make laws for themselves in an assembly meeting at Jamestown.

July 30,1619:

The House of Burgesses meets for first time , in the Jamestown church; it's first law requires tobacco to be sold for at least three shillings per pound.

* August 1619:

The first Africans arrive in Jamestown,traded off of an English ship , the " White Lion" a privateer owned by Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick.

The approximately 20 Africans on that ship , originally from Angola,had been seized by the British crew from a Portuguese slave ship, the Sao Joao Bautista.which landed at Point Comfort. Some of these Africans are treated like indentured servants and work several years before earning their freedom; others likely remained enslaved.

by 1619, a system of indentured service was fully developed in the colony;

Once freed of their debt, some of the Africans joined the community , eventually owning slaves of their own.

It wasn't until 1640, when slavery first appeared in Virginia when African John Punch was sentenced to slavery

for life, after trying to flee his indentured labor service.

The European men who fled with him were, however only sentenced to one additional year of indentured labor.

*This incidence is viewed in history, as the first legal sanctioning of slavery in the English colonies and the first legal distinctionmade between Europeans and Africans.

The next instance of slavery that we see in Virginia is the civil case between Anthony Johnson ( a freed African)

and Robert Parker. John Casor an African indentured servant complained that his master Anthony Johnson

held him past his indentured time.

A neighbor Robert Parker threatened Johnson that he would testify in court and touted that he would lose some

of his lands if he did not free Casor.

Johnson then freed Casor.

Casor then entered into an indentured service with Parker.

Feeling bamboozled Johnson sued Parker for possession over Casor.

The court ruled that Parker illegally took Casor and that he belonged to his rightful master for the "duration of his life."

Casor was now a slave.

March 1620:
32 Africans were documented as residing in Virginia.
by 1650, this had increased to about 300 Africans, about 1% of an estimated

After 1620:

With growing demand for tobacco on the continent, the Company arranged to sell Virginia tobacco in the Netherlands,

The law of the land from 1624:

mandated that European Virginians worship in the Anglican church ( Church of England) and support its upkeep

with the taxes.

Where religion was an integral part of everyday life in Virginia, the lines blurred between religious and civil authority.

Virginia gentlemen, who supported establishment but disliked centralized church authority , gained control of parish vestries and county courts to secure their power over religious matters.

Although Anglicans tolerated protestant dissenters, they found the traditional religious views of native Americans

and Africans beyond sanction. But English colonists made only fitful and often grudging efforts to bring Africans, and

native Americans into the established church.

The Powhatans and Indigenous people further inland proved resistant to Christianity.

For Africans, the oppression of slavery inevitably forced them to abandon a purely African world view.

Still, they did not come to Christianity in great numbers until evangelicals began gathering converts of both ethnic groups, after the mid-18th century.

Although some Africans and Europeans forged bonds through their shared evangelical experience, Virginia's

celebrated statute for religious freedom would have only superficial meaning for Africans, after the war.

In the 17th century, small numbers of slaves had recognized that they could gain their freedom through baptism ,

but the General Assembly closed this loophole in the 1667.

Over the next century , most slave owners and Anglican ministers ignored the spiritual lives of African Americans.

Throughout the colonial period, the established church was supported and reinforced by other formal institutions.

Virginia lacked a bishop. Hence, control of the religious matters was largely left in the hands of local institutions

dominated by the gentry.

Vestrymen became the dominant influence on church affairs by the end of the 17th, century.

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William Tucker,1624:

was the first born of African parents, in the British Colonies.

His birth symbolized the beginnings of a distinct identity along the eastern coast

of what would eventually become the United States.

Born near Jamestown, Virginia, the son of "Anthony and Isabell", two indentured servants.

According to the 1624-1625 Virginia Census,22 Africans lived in Virginia at the time of Tucker's birth.

The first 20, arrived in 1619 and all of them worked under indentured servitude contracts.

These men and women were not slaves because Virginia's General Assembly had not yet worked out the terms

for enslavement in the colony.

Consequently these first Africans in Virginia received the same rights, duties, privileges, responsibilities

and punishments as their european indentured counterparts from Great Britain.

They also worked under the same terms and many but not all were given land at the end of their period of indenture.

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In fact they, and their descendants became the nucleus of the African population which existed in Virginia

prior to the Civil War.

William Tuckers parents were among the first 22 Africans.

They worked for a Captain William Tucker, the Virginia envoy to the Pamunkey Indians,

and his wife Mary Tucker.In the early 1620s Captain Tucker allowed the couple to wed

though the practice violated the English custom for indentured servants.

1625:

Growth of the African population; 23

1626:

The Dutch West India Company imports 11 African male slaves into the Netherlands.

1636 :

Colonial North America's slave trade begins when the first American slave carrier,Desire, is built and launched in Massachusetts.

1639 /40:

The General Assembly of Virginia specifically excludes Africans, from the requirement s of possessing arms.

1640: Status changed to "servant for life"

John Punch, a runaway African indentured servant, is sentenced to servitude for life.His two European companions are given extended

terms of servitude. Punch is the first documented slave for life.

1640:

New Netherlands law forbids residents from harboring or feeding running slaves.After DNA testing,

1641:

The D'Angola marriage is the first recorded marriage between Africans in New Amsterdam.

1641:

Massachusetts is the first colony to legalize slavery.

1642:

African women are deemed taxable,

Creating a distinction between African and English women.

1643:

The New England Confederation of the Plymouth Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New haven adopts a fugitive slave law.

1648:

Growth of the African population; 300

1650:

Connecticut legalizes slavery.

1652:

Massachusetts requires all African and Native American, servants to receive military training.

1654

A Virginia court grants Africans the right to hold slaves.

1657

Virginia passes a fugitive slave law.

1660:

Charles II, King of England, orders the Council of Foreign Plantations to devise strategies for converting slaves and servants

to Christianity.

1661:

Virginia passed its first law allowing any free person the right to own slaves.

In previous years , Africans were legally deemed to be "indentured servants",

including one, John Casor who was declared indentured for life in 1655.

1661:

Virginia formally recognized slavery.

By law, European indentured servants were forbidden from running awa with an African servant.

1662:Life Servitude; Hereditary Slavery

Virginia passed a law that stated children would be free or bonded based on the status of the mother.

This meant that a child born to an enslaved woman would also be enslaved.

Making Slavery Hereditary.

1662;

Massachusetts reverses a ruling dating back to 1652, which allowed Africans to train in arms. New York. Connecticut, and new Hampshire pass similar laws restricting the bearing of arms.

1663

In Gloucester County, Virginia the first documented slave rebellion in the colonies takes place.

1663

Maryland legalizes slavery.

1663

Charles II, King of England, gives the Carolinas to proprietors.

Until the 1680s , most settlers in the region are small landowners from Barbados.

1664:

New York, and New Jersey legalize slavery.

1964

Maryland is the first colony to take legal action against marriages between European women and African men.

1964

The state of Maryland mandates lifelong servitude for all African slaves. New York, New Jersey, the Carolinas, and Virginia

all pass similar laws.

1666:

Maryland passes a fugitive slave law.

1667,

Virginia lawmakers say baptism does not bring freedom to Africans. The statute is passed because some slaves used their status as a Christian in the 1640s and 1650s to argue for their freedom or for freedom for a child.

Legislators also encourage slave owners to Christianize their enslaved men, women and children.

1667

Virginia declares that Christian baptism will not alter a person's status as a slave.

1668:

Free African women , like enslaved females over the age of 16, are deemed taxable. The Virginia General Assembly says freedom

does not exempt African women from taxation.

1668

New Jersey passes a fugitive slave law.

1669:

An act about the " casual killing of slaves" says that if a slave dies while resisting his master, the act will not be presumed to have occurred with " prepensed malice".

1670:

The state of Virginia prohibits free Africans and Native Americans from keeping Christian servants.Christian servants.

Additional laws regarding slavery of Africans were passed n the seventeenth century and codified into Virginia's

first slave code in 1705.

Among laws affecting slaves was one of 1662, which said that children born in the colony would take the social status of their mothers , regardless of who their fathers were.

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1671:

Growth of the African population; 2,000

1672:

It becomes legal to kill or wound an enslaved person who resists arrest. Legislators also deem that the owner of any slave killed as he resisted arrest will receive financial compensation for the loss of an enslaved laborer.

Legislators also offer a reward to Indians who capture escaped slaves and return them to a justice of the peace.

1674:

New York declares that Africans who convert to Christianity after their enslavement will not be freed.

1676; The first armed rebellion in the American colonies

In Virginia, African slaves and African and European servants band together to participate in Bacon's Rebellion. Poor white indentured servants and enslaved Africans form an alliance against bond servitude.

The ruling class responds by hardening the racial caste of slavery in an attempt to divide the two races from subsequent united uprisings.

1680- 1705: Virginia Slave Codes are passed, in direct response to Bacon's rebellion.

Slave laws reflect racism and the deliberate separation of Africans and Europeans.

color becomes the determining factor.

Conscious efforts to rigidly police slave conduct.

1680:

Virginia's General Assembly restricts the ability of slaves to meet at gatherings, including funerals.

It becomes legal for a white person or person to kill an escaped slave who resists capture.

Slaves are also forbidden to:

1). arm themselves for either offensive or defensive purposes. Punishment; 20 lashes on one's bare back.

2) Leave the plantation without the written permission of one's master, mistress, or overseer. Punishment; 20 lashes on one's bare back.

3)." Lift up his hand against any Christian." Punishment: 30 Lashes on one's bare back.

1680:

Growth of the African population; 3,000

1682:

Virginia declares that all imported African servants are slaves for life.

1684:

New York makes it illegal for slaves to sell goods.

1688:

The Pennsylvania Quakers pass first formal anti slavery resolution.

1691:

Virginia prohibits the manumission of slaves within its borders. manumitted slaves are forced to leave the colony.

Virginia passes the first anti- miscegenation law, forbidding marriages between European, Africans and Native Americans.

1) Any European person married to an African or mulatto is banished

and a systematic plan is established to capture " outlying slaves."

2) If an outlying slave is killed while resisting capture, the owner receives financial compensation for the laborer.

3) Partners in a marriage between an African and a European, cannot stay in the colony for more than three months

after they are married.

4) A fine of 15 pounds sterling is levied on an English woman who gives birth to a mulatto child.

The fine is to be paid within a month of the child's birth. If the woman cannot pay the fine, as an indentured servant,

she faces an additional five years of servitude after the completion of her indenture.

5) A mulatto child born to a indentured European servant will serve a 30-year indenture.

6) A master must transport an emancipated slave out of Virginia within six months of receiving his or her freedom.

1691:

South Carolina passes the first comprehensive slave codes.

1692:

Slaves are denied the right to a jury trial for capital offenses.

A minimum of four justices of the peace hear evidence and determine the fate of the accused.

Legislators also decide that enslaved individuals are not permitted to own horses, cattle, and hogs after December 31, of that year.

1694:

Rice cultivation is introduced into Carolina.

Slave importation increases dramatically.

1696:

The Royal African Trade Company loses its monopoly and New England colonists enter the slave trade.

1700:

Pennsylvania, legalizes slavery.

Growth of African Population: 16,390

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1702:

New York passes An Act for Regulating Slaves.

Among the prohibitions of this act are meetings of more than three slaves, trading by slaves, and testimony by slaves in court.

1703:

Massachusetts requires those masters who liberate slaves to provide a bond of 50 pounds or more in the event that freedman

becomes a public charge.

1703:

Connecticut assigns the punishment of whipping to any slaves who disturb the peace or assaults Europeans.

Rhode Island makes it illegal for Africans and Native Americans to walk at night without passes.

1705:

The Virginia Slave Code codifies slave status, declaring all non- Christian servants entering the colony to be slaves.

It defines all slaves as real estate, acquits masters who kill slaves during punishment, forbids slaves and freedmen, from physically assaulting Europeans.

And denies slaves the right to bear arms or move abroad without written permission.

1705:

The Virginia General Assembly declared that all those not born into Christianity in their native land would be enslaved for life.

1) African free men could lose the right to hold public office.

2) Africans free, and enslaved are denied the right to testify as witnesses in court cases.

3)All African mulatto and Native American slaves are considered real property.

4) Enslaved men are not allowed to serve in the militia.

1705:

New York declares that punishment by execution will be applied to certain runaway slaves.

1705:

Massachusetts makes marriage and sexual relations between Africans and Europeans illegal.

1706:

New York declares Africans, Native Americans, and slaves who kill Europeans to be subject to the death penalty.

1706:

Connecticut requires that Native Americans, mulattos, and African servants gain permission from their masters to engage in trade.

1708:

The Southern colonies require militia captains to enlist and train one slave for every European soldier.

1708:

Rhode Island requires that slaves be accompanied by their masters when visiting the homes of free persons.

1708:

Africans outnumber Europeans in South Carolina.

1710:

new York forbids Africans, Indigenous People, and mulattos from walking at night without lighted lanterns.

1711:

Pennsylvania prohibits the clandestine importation of Africans and Native Americans

1711:

Rhode Island prohibits the clandestine importation of African and Native Americans.

1712:

Pennsylvania prohibits the importation of slaves.

1712:Slave Revolt:

New York slaves in New York City kill Europeans during an uprising, later squelched by the militia.

Nineteen rebels are executed.

1712:

New York declares it illegal for Africans, Native Americans, and slaves to murder other Africans, Native Americans , and slaves.

1712:

New York forbids freed Africans, American Natives, and mulatto slaves from owning real estate and holding property.

1712:

Charleston, South Carolina, slaves are forbidden from hiring themselves out.

1715:

Rhode Island legalizes slavery.

1715:

Maryland declares all slaves entering the province and their descendants to be slaves for life.

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1717:

New York enacts a fugitive slave law.

1720:

Growth of African population; 26,559

1723:

Virginia abolishes manumissions.

1724:

French Louisiana prohibits slaves from marrying without permission of their owners.

1730-1750

The number of male and female slaves imported to the North American British colonies balances out for the first time.

1730:

Growth of African population; 30,000

1731:

The Spanish reverse a 1730 decision and declare that slaves fleeing to Florida from Carolina will not be sold.

1732:

Slaves aboard the ship of New Hampshire Captain John Major kill both captain and crew, seizing the vessel and cargo.

1733:

Quaker Elihu Coleman's , A Testimony against That Anti- Christian Practice of Making Slaves of Men, is published.

1735:

under a English law Georgia prohibits the importation and use of African slaves.

1735: Louis xv, king of France, declares that when an enslaved woman gives birth to the child of a free man,

neither mother nor child can be sold. Further , after a certain time, mother and child will be freed.

1738:

Georgia's trustees permit the importation of African slaves.

1738:

Spanish Florida promise freedom and land to runaway slaves.

1739:

Slaves in Stono, South Carolina rebel, sacking and burning an armory and killing Europeans.

Some 75 slaves in south Carolina steal weapons and flee toward freedom in Florida ( then under Spanish rule),

Crushed by the South Carolina militia, the revolt results in the deaths of 40 Africans and 20 Europeans.

The Colonial militia puts an end to the rebellion before slaves are able to reach freedom in Florida.

1740:

South Carolina passes the comprehensive Negro Act making it illegal for slaves to move abroad. assemble in groups, raise food,

earn money, and learn to read English.

Owners are permitted to kill rebellious slaves if necessary.

1740:

Georgia and Carolina attempt to invade Florida in retaliation for the territory's policy toward runaway slaves.

Growth of African population; 60,000

1749:

Georgia repeals its prohibition and permits the importation of African slaves.

1751:

George II repeals the 1705 act, making slaves real estate in Virginia

1758:

Pennsylvania Quakers forbid their members from owning slaves or participating in the slave trade.

1760:

New Jersey prohibits the enlistment of slaves in the militia without their master's permission.

1767:

The Virginia House of Burgess boycotts the British slave trade-in protest of the Townsend Acts.

Georgia and the Carolinas follow suit.

1770:

Escaped slave Crispus Attucks, is killed by British forces in Boston Massachusetts.

he is one of the first colonists to die in the war for independence.

1772:

James Albert UKawsaw Gorongosa's writes the first autobiographical slave narrative.

1773:

the first separate African church in America is founded in South Carolina.

1773:

Slaves in Massachusetts unsuccessfully petition the government for their freedom.

1773:

Phillis Wheatley becomes the first published African poet when a London publishing company releases aa collection of her verse.

1774:

The first Continental Congress bans trade with Britain and vows to discontinue the slave trade after the 1st of December.

1774:

Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Georgia prohibit the importation of slaves.

1774:

Virginia takes action against slave importation.

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1775: The American Revolution begins

The slave population in the colonies is nearly 500,000.

In Virginia, the ratio of free colonists slaves is nearly 1:1. In South Carolina it is approximately 1:2.

1775: Georgia takes action against slave importation.

1775

Abolitionist Society Anthony Benezet of Philadelphia founds the world's first abolitionist society. Benjamin Franklin becomes its

president in 1787

1775:

In April, the first battles of the Revolutionary war are waged between the British and Colonial armies at Lexington and Concord

Massachusetts.

African Minutemen participate in the fighting.

1775:

In July, George Washington announces a ban on the enlistment of free Africans and slaves in the colonial army. By the end of the year,

he reverses the ban, ordering the Continental Army to accept the service of free Africans.

1775:

In November, Virginia Governor John Murray, Lord Dunmore, issues a proclamation announcing that any slave fighting on the

side of the British will be liberated.

1776:

The Declaration of Independence is signed : In Philadelphia Pennsylvania, members of the Continental Congress sign the Declaration of Independence.

1776:

In Philadelphia Pennsylvania, the Society of Friends, also known as the Quakers, forbids its members from holding slaves.

1776:

Delaware prohibits the importation of slaves.

1777:

Vermont is the first of the thirteen colonies to abolish slavery and enfranchise all adult males.

1777:

New York enfranchises all free propertied men regardless of color or prior servitude.

1778:

Rhode Island forbids the removal of slaves from the state.

1778:

Virginia prohibits the importation of slaves.

1780:

Delaware makes it illegal to enslave imported Africans.

1780:

A freedom clause in the Massachusetts constitution is interpreted as an abolishment of slavery.

Massachusetts enfranchises all men regardless of ethnicity.

1780: An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery

1783:

American Revolution ends Britain and the infant United States sign the Peace of Paris treaty.

1784:

Abolition effort Congress narrowly defeats Thomas Jefferson's proposal to ban slavery in new territories after 1800.

1787:

The drafting of the Constitution of the United States began on May 25,1787,

when the Constitutional Convention met for the first time with a quorum at the Pennsylvania State House ( now Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation,

and ended on September 17,1787.

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The original U.S. Constitution, was put into writing on September 17,1787 by the constitutional convention

and is housed at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.

Three - fifths compromise 1787

A law that states that three out of every five slaves be counted as a person.

Reached among delegates during the 1787, United States Constitutional Convention.

whether and, if so, how slaves would be counted when determining a states population for legislative and taxing purposes

was important as this number would then be used to determine the "number of seats" that the state would have

in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years.

The compromise solution was to count three out of every five slaves as a person for this purpose.

It's effect was to give the Southern states a third more seats in Congress and a third more electoral votes

than if slaves had been ignored, but fewer than if slaves and free people had been counted equally.

Formation of the Political Parties 1789:

The opinions and views of the politicians of the time, relating to the government of the new nation differed widely.

Many of thhe wealthy men had roots in the system of monarchy of the British and believed that monarchy was the

best form of government. Others had the totally opposite view that a government should be ruled by the people.

The Pro- monarchist realized that the American people, who had fought for the independence from the Breitish, would

tolerate the establishment of a monarchy A compromise was reached in that all of the early politicians supported a government that adhered to the U.S. Constitution.

Independent Party 1789

George Washington became the 1st President of the United States.

He was not formally affiliated with any Political Parties during his two terms in office and therefore

classed as an Independent.

The Independent Party focused on the establishment of the Constitution.

One of the key events during his presidency was the formation of two political parties

The Federalists and the Anti-Federalists (who became the Democratic - republican party).

All members of the new government supported him as an impartial president and wanted to give the Constitution

a fair trial.

The First Party 1792-1824:

The political party system that existed in the United States between roughly 1792, and 182

It featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress and the states:

The federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Jeffersonian Democratic Republican Party,

formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison,

usually called at the time the Republican Party.

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1793,The Fugitive Slave Act:

was an act of the United States Congress to give effect to the fugitive slave Clause

of the Constitution, which was later superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment

the former guaranteed a right for a slave holder to recover an escaped slave.

The Act, " An Act respecting fugitives from justice,and persons escaping from justice, and persons escaping from the service of their masters,"created the legal mechanism by which that could be accomplished.

The Act was,strengthened at the insistence of the slave states of the South by the Compromise of 1850,

which required even the governments and the residents of free states to enforce the capture and return of fugitive slaves.

This law put fugitive slaves at risk for recapture for the rest of their lives,but some slaveholders did not think it was strong enough. It also classified children born to fugitive slave mothers as slaves and the property of their mother's master for

the rest of their lives.

The Democratic - Republican Party History: The Federalist Political Party:

The history of the Democratic- Republican Party began with the rise of the Federalist political party that believed that the national

government should have more power than the state governments.

Many of the Federalist were wealthy arstocrats and had roots in the British system of monarchy asnd believed that the government shold be run by the elite.

The notion that the government should be run by ordinary people was completely foreign to them.

The leaders of the Federalist Party were Alexander Hamilton and John Adams.

Democratic - Republican Party History: The Anti-Federalist:

The Anti- Federalists were totally opposed to the federalist idea of government. The Anti-Federalists believed that the vast majority of ordinary less educated Americans, had the commonsense and skills required to run the government.

The last thing they wanted was a government based on the class conscious British system.

1794:Cotton

Eli Whitney patents his device for pulling seeds from cotton.

the invention turns cotton into cash crop of the American South,

and creates a huge demand for slave labor.

Democratic - Republican Party History: The First Change Of Name to Republicans:

The Anti-Federalists at first changed their name in 1792 tothe Republican Party, sometimes referred to as the Jeffersonian Republicans

to avoid confusion with the modern Republican Party.

Republicanism is a political values system that emphasizes the ideas of the liberty and " unalienable" rrights as their central values,

rejecting aristocracy, corruption annd inherited political power.

The Rrepublican Party supported states' rights and a strictt interpretation of the Constitution.

Democratic-Republican Party History: The Change of Name to Democratic- Republicans:

The name Democratic- Republican Party was at first a derogatory name for the party that was applied by the Federalists.

The derisive term "Democratic" was added to convey the extreme actions taken in the name of Democracy during the French Revolution and the dictator ship of Napoleon Bonaparte.

The Neutralty Proclamation of 1793 issued by George Washington had resulted in the residnatin of Thomas Jefferson

as Secretary of State.

Jefferson and the Republicans believed they were th4e only anti-monarchical party in America, and that the Federalists were enemies

of a republic, liberty and the rights of man.

The admired many of the ideals of the French citizens with their strong anti-monarchist sentiments and their belief of the principle

of the government by the people.

The Federalists plan to discredit the Republicans backfired the derisive name stuck, and the Republicans were happy to call their party the Democratic- Republicans.

Democratic- Republican Party Presidents:

Thomas Jefferson (1801 - 1809)

James Madison ( 1809 - 1817)

James Monroe ( 1817 - 1825)

John Quincy Adams ( 1825 - 1829 )

Democratic- Republican Party: Political Base:

The Democratic - Republican Party was founded based in the rural South and the West, supported by the farmers, laborers, skilled workers and planters as opposed to the Federalists whose political base was in the industrialized North

supported by the merchants, manufacturers, and bankers.

The Federalists:

Democratic - Republican Party Beliefs:

The Democratic- Republican partybwas founded based on their beliefs that the country should be run by two co-equal ares of government- the state Governments and the National Government, both havinnngg equl power and able to operate fairly

independently of the other.

The beliefs of the Democratic- Republican Party were

the principles of Republicanism

2) States Rights

3) Protection of the rights of citizens and the support of the poorer Americans and recent immigrants

4) Opposition to the financial plans of Alexander Hamilton and the establishment of the National Bank ( First Bank of the United States)

5) Opposition to an increased national debt.

6)Opposition to an enlarged navy and army with increased military spending

7) Opposition to the aristocracy, elitism and monarchy

8)Opposition to the exclusive power of a central government

9) Av strict interpretation of the Constitution.

VIEW BROWN GIRLS ROCK

The Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and Governeur Morris belonged to the group of men who believed a

monarchy to be the best form of government. As this was not possible, their aim was to give the new central government , and the richer classes, the greatest possible amount of power.

There was concern that the vast majority of ordinary, less educated people, would have the skills required to run the new government.

From this original stance the formation of. the political parties had begun with the formation of the Federalist Political Party.

The Federalist believed in the ideas of nationalism and industrialization.

The concept of Federalism is the beliefs of a federal organization of self- governing units, such as a confederation.

John Adams was a member of the Federalist political party which favored the administration of President George Washington.

The Federalist Party:

The Federalist Party, originated in opposition to the Democratic- Republican Party in America during President George Washington's

first administration.Within the executive and congressional branches of the government.

Known for their support of a strong national government the Federalist emphasized commercial and diplomatic harmony with

Britain following the signing of the Jay Treaty.